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Islamic revival or Sahwah ((アラビア語:التجديد الإسلامي) ', also (アラビア語:الصحوة الإسلامية) ', "Islamic awakening") refers to a return to the fundamentals of the Islamic religion. Revivals have traditionally been a periodic occurrence throughout Islamic history and the Islamic world. Preachers and scholars who have been described as revivalist or ''mujaddideen'' in the history of Islam include Ahmad Sirhindi, Ibn Taymiyyah, Shah Waliullah, and Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab. In the contemporary revival, Hassan al-Banna, Abul Ala Maududi, and Ruhollah Khomeini, among others, have been described as such. Contemporary revivalists have often been referred to as "Islamists". The most recent Islamic revival is thought to have begun roughly sometime in the 1970s (although strong movement began earlier in the century in Egypt and South Asia) and is a reversal of the "Westernization" approach common in Arab and Asian governments earlier in the 20th century.〔Haddad/Esposito pg. xvi〕 The revival has been manifested in greater piety and in a growing adoption of Islamic culture among Muslims.〔〔Lapidus, p. 823〕 It is often associated with "re-Islamisation" and the political movement of Islamism. Among Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries, it includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" or transnational Islam,〔described by the French Islam researchers Gilles Kepel and Olivier Roy〕 brought on by easier communications, media and travel.〔 One striking example of it is the increase in attendance at the ''Hajj'', the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, which grew from 90,000 in 1926 to 2 million in 1979.〔Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam'', Harvard University Press, 2002, p.75〕 Two of the most important events credited with inspiring and/or strengthening the recent resurgence were the Arab oil embargo and subsequent quadrupling of the price of oil in the mid-1970s, and the 1979 Iranian Revolution that established an Islamic republic in Iran under Ayatollah Khomeini. The first created a flow of many billions of dollars from Saudi Arabia to fund Islamic books, scholarships, fellowships, and mosques around the world; the second undermined the assumption that Westernization strengthened Muslim countries and was the irreversible trend of the future. The revival has also been accompanied by some religious extremism and attacks on civilians and military targets by the extremists representing a part of the revival.〔 The trend has been noted by historians such as John Esposito〔 and Ira Lapidus. An associated development is that of transnational Islam, described by the French Islam researchers Gilles Kepel and Olivier Roy. ==History== According to scholar Olivier Roy, The call to fundamentalism, centered on the sharia: this call is as old as Islam itself and yet still new because it has never been fulfilled, It is a tendency that is forever setting the reformer, the censor, and tribunal against the corruption of the times and of sovereigns, against foreign influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts.〔Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam,'' translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.4〕 In Islamic history a well known Tradition (''hadith'') states that "God will send to His community at the head of each century those who will renew its faith for it." The term for the periodic calls to renew Muslims commitment to the fundamental principles of Islam and the related reconstruction of society in accord with the Qur'an and the Traditions of the Prophet" or Sunnah is ''tajdid'', and the term for a person leading renewal is ''mujaddid''. The modern movement of Islamic revival has been compared with earlier efforts of a similar nature: The "oscillat() between periods of strict religious observance and others of devotional laxity" in Islamic history was striking enough for "the Arab historian, Ibn Khaldun to ponder its causes 600 years ago, and speculate that it could be "attributed ... to features of ecology and social organization peculiar to the Middle East," namely the tension between the easy living in the towns and the austere life in the desert.〔( "September 11 and the Struggle for Islam" by Robert W. Hefner )〕 Some of the more famous revivalists and revival movements include the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties in Maghreb and Spain (1042–1269), Indian Naqshbandi revivalist Ahmad Sirhindi (~1564-1624), the Indian Ahl-i Hadith movement of the 19th century, preachers Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), Shah Waliullah (1702–1762) and Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab (d.1792).〔(... why is the Muslim world in such a bad state? )〕 Whether or not the contemporary revival is part of an historical cycle, the uniqueness of the close association of the Muslim community with its religion has been noted by scholar Michael Cook who observed that "of all the major cultural domains" the Muslim world "seems to have been the least penetrated by irreligion". In the last few decades ending in 2000, rather than scientific knowledge and secularism edging aside religion, Islamic fundamentalism has "increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture.〔Cook, Michael, ''The Koran, a very short introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000, p.43〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islamic revival」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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